what doe otc mean in regards to vision testing

• Aberration
  • Distortions, related to astigmatism , that cause the inability of lite rays entering the eye to converge (come together) to a single focus point on the retina . Aberration are divided into two main categories: higher-gild and lower-order.
• Ablation
  • Surgical removal of tissue, typically using a absurd beam light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation
• Ablation zone
  • The area of tissue that is removed during light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation surgery
• Accommodation
  • Ability of the eye to change its focus betwixt distant objects and near objects.
• Altitudinal visual field defects
  • This term describes a visual field defect in which either the upper or lower half of the visual field is selectively afflicted. The selective aberration often creates a horizontal line beyond the visual field (known every bit "respecting the horizontal pinnacle"). Altitudinal defects occur in retinal vascular disease, glaucoma, and other disorders that touch on the heart itself.
• Amblyopia
  • Dullness or obscurity of sight for no apparent organic reason, therefore non correctable with glasses or surgery. Sometimes chosen a lazy eye, wherein ane eye becomes dependent on the other eye to focus, usually developed in early childhood. Often associated with strabismus. The conditions that most unremarkably cause amblyopia are eye misalignment (strabismus), a significant deviation in spectacle prescription (refractive error) between the two eyes (anisometropia), or break of the low-cal path of 1 of the eyes (by cataract, scar, tumor, etc.). If amblyopia is not treated before the age of eight, the visual deficit is usually permanent.

AMSLER GRID

• Amsler grid
  • Hand held nautical chart featuring horizontal and vertical lines, unremarkably white on black background, used to test for primal visual field defects.
• Angle (Drainage Angle)
  • Drainage area of the middle formed betwixt the cornea and the iris , named for its angular shape, which is why you meet the word "angle" in the different glaucoma names.
• Anisometropia
  • Condition of the eyes in which they have unequal refractive power.
• Inductive Bedchamber
  • Infinite betwixt the cornea and the crystalline lens , which contains aqueous sense of humor .
• Anterior ocular segment
  • Part of the eye anterior to the crystalline lens , including the cornea , anterior bedchamber , iris and ciliary body .
• Antioxidants
  • Micronutrients that destroy or neutralize gratis radicals, molecules that have been implicated as one causative factor in the stimulation of abnormal cellular reproduction (cancer) and cellular devastation (aging).
• Antireflective blanket
  • Coating on the front or back of glasses lenses, which minimizes the glare for patients who are extremely bothered past glare.
• Aphakia
  • Absence of the lens of the eye.
• Aqueous humor
  • Transparent fluid occupying the inductive chamber and maintains eye pressure.
• Argon light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation
  • device used to treat glaucoma (usually open bending) and diabetic retinopathy using a thermal axle.
• ARMD
  • Historic period related macular degeneration: Destruction and loss of the photoreceptors in the macula region of the retina resulting in decreased central vision and, in advanced cases, incomprehension.
• Asthenopia
  • Eyestrain
• Astigmatic Keratotomy
  • A modified course of Radial Keratotomy (RK).
• Astigmatism
  • Structural defects of the heart in which the calorie-free rays from a viewed object do not meet in a single focal point, resulting in blurred images being sent to the brain. An astigmatic cornea is not perfectly rounded like a basketball but has an irregular shape more similar the side of a football. Astigmatism is virtually often combined with myopia or hyperopia .
• Autosomal recessive
  • An inheritance pattern in which a person must inherit ii copies of an abnormal gene (i from each parent) in order to develop the disease. If two individuals each carry i copy of an abnormal gene, and then each child born to these ii parents will have a 25% chance of receiving 2 copies of the abnormal gene and as a issue, inherit the disease. Cystic fibrosis is an instance of an autosomal recessive disease.
• Cecocentral scotomas
  • These are visual field defects that extend from the cardinal vision to the natural bullheaded spot. This blazon of field defect usually represents an insult to the cluster of retinal ganglion cells called the papillomacular parcel.
• Color incomprehension
  • Too known as Dyschromotopsia. A general term for color vision abnormalities. Heritable dyschromatopsias include carmine (protan), green (deutan), and blue (tritan) color vision deficits. These deficits may be partial (-omaly) or complete (-opia). Blood-red and dark-green color vision defects are 10-linked while loss of the blue receptor (tritanopia) is inherited in an autosomal recessive style. Likewise run across: Protanomalous
• Conjunctivochalasis
  • A redundant folds in the conjunctiva typically located between the globe and the lower eyelid. Loose bulbar conjunctiva that may go pinched between the lids and crusade tearing and inflammation. Frequently historic period-related. Unremarkably found along the lower chapeau margin. It interferes with the normal distribution of tears causing dry heart and epiphora.
• Cupping (Disk cupping)
  • An enlargement of the cup or cardinal depression in the optic nerve caput. Cupping is visible when viewing the back of the eye with an ophthalmoscope. An enlarged cup peculiarly if accompanied by a notch or a small spot of bleeding is a sign of glaucoma. Cupping is a clinical sign that indicates that a big number of nerve fibers in the optic nerve take been lost.
• Deuteranopia, deuteranopic
  • Complete color deficiency affecting the ability to run across the color green. There are three possible color vision deficits: red (protan), dark-green (deutan), and blue (tritan). The suffixes –omaly and –opia bespeak fractional and complete color vision deficits, respectively. Therefore, a person who has deuteranopia has a complete green color deficit.
• Dyschromotopsia
  • A general term for color vision abnormalities. Heritable dyschromatopsias include red (protan), greenish (deutan), and blue (tritan) color vision deficits. These deficits may exist partial (-omaly) or consummate (-opia). Scarlet and green color vision defects are X-linked while loss of the blue receptor (tritanopia) is inherited in an autosomal recessive fashion.
• Electroretinogram (ERG)
  • A exam that measures the electrical activity of the retina when exposed to flashes of light of varying intensity. Abnormalities in the electroretinogram typically occur in atmospheric condition that affect the photoreceptor cells (e.g. retinitis pigmentosa).
• Epiphora
  • Excessive tear product or insufficient tear drainage from the eyes (usually from blockage of the lacrimal duct) causing overflow of tears onto the face up.

FOVEA AND FOVEOLA

• Fovea
  • In the human eye the term fovea (or fovea centralis) is the "pit" in the retina that allows for maximum vigil of vision. The man fovea has a diameter of about one.0 mm with a high concentration of cone photoreceptors.
• Foveola
  • The center of the fovea is the foveola – near 0.2 mm in bore – whereonly cone photoreceptors are present. The fundamental fovea consists of very compact cones, thinner and more rod-like in appearance than cones elsewhere. Starting at the outskirts of the fovea, however, rods gradually appear, and the absolute density of cone receptors progressively decreases.
• Glaucoma, normal-tension
  • Glaucoma in which the intraocular force per unit area is normal but in that location is progressive optic nervus damage and visual field loss. Also known equally Low Tension Glaucoma.

Depression TENSION GLAUCOMA

• Goldmann visual field
  • A blazon of vision test in which progressively dimmer lights are moved from the peripheral vision into the central vision, using an instrument that allows the indicate at which the light is first seen to exist accurately mapped. In this test, a trained perimetrist moves the stimulus; stimulus brightness is held constant. The limits of the visual field are mapped to lights of different sizes and effulgence. Also known as Goldmann kinetic perimetry.
• Incomplete penetrance
  • The concept that fifty-fifty though several members of a family or population may accept the aforementioned Deoxyribonucleic acid mutation, not everyone with that mutation will have or develop the disease. This is in dissimilarity to variable expressivity which means that people with the same affliction have varying disease severity. Penetrance, in contrast, is more than of a yes/no question – does or does not the person take the disease.
• Ishihara plates

  • ISHIHARA PLATE

    A mutual type of colour vision examination that tin can help determine general and specific inherited color vision deficits. It consists of a series of colour plates in which the examination taker is asked to place numbers or geometric shapes composed of specific colors that are hidden inside a field of spots of very like colors. People with normal color vision can meet the numbers or geometric figures while people with aberrant color vision cannot. See Ishihara Test Ishihara
    (http://world wide web.toledo-bend.com/colorblind/Ishihara.asp)

• Isopter
  • A line connecting a series of points in a visual field at which a person is able to find a sure size and intensity of lite. Isopters in normal visual fields are oval in shape.
• Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON)
  • A affliction entity that most ordinarily affects young men in their teens and early twenties and causes significantly decreased primal vision in both optics. The genes that cause LHON are carried on pocket-sized circular mitochondrial DNA molecules that are inherited from an individuals mother. This condition is extremely rare (affecting fewer than one per 1000000 people per year) and does not bear upon everyone who harbors the genetic defect. The visual field defects in LHON are typically cecocentral scotomas. There are three other eye diseases named afterward Theodore Leber: 1) Leber built amaurosis (blindness at birth) inherited in an autosomal recessive fashion, 2) Leber'south stellate neuroretinopathy (a non-heritable status associated with cat scratch disease) and 3) Leber's military machine aneurysms (a non-heritable vascular malformation of the retina like to Coat's disease).
• Macula, macula lutea
  • The central portion of the retina that is responsible for central vision. An insult to the macula can cause loss of central vision and a pregnant decrease in visual acuity.
• Nagel anomaloscope
  • A device that used to decide caste of red or green colour vision deficit. A dial on the anomaloscope is adjusted until the viewer (patient) believes that the green-red balance is appropriate compared with a standard yellow lite whose intensity can likewise be varied. When a person with normal color vision views the "friction match" made past a patient with abnormal color vision, a deficit in either blood-red or green color vision is readily apparent.

OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY

• Optical Coherence Tomography
  • Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a noninvasive imaging technology used to obtain high resolution cross-exclusive images of the retina. OCT is like to ultrasound testing, except that imaging is performed past measuring light rather than sound. OCT measures the retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in glaucoma and other diseases of the optic nerve.
• Orthophoric
  • Proper alignment of the two eyes. Absenteeism of eye departure.
• Papillomacular packet
  • A drove of retinal ganglion cells that comport the information from the macula (the primal retina) to the optic nerve and on to the brain. If damaged, central visual field defects occur.
• Peripapillary cloudburst
  • Thinning of the retina and retinal, paint epithelium in the region immediately surrounding the optic nervus head. This tin be seen in a number of pathologic and beneficial conditions.
• Photophobia
  • In biological science, photophobia (adjective: photophobic) refers to negative response to light. Also called "light sensitivity" this is an excessive sensitivity to calorie-free and the aversion to sunlight or well-lit places. In ordinary medical terms photophobia is non a morbid fear, but an experience of discomfort or pain to the eyes due to light exposure. May be associated with excessive fierce. In that location tin be many causes including inflammation of the iris or cornea.
• Photopic
  • A status of "light adaptation" that is used in retinal testing such as the electroretinogram. Lite accommodation is accomplished by exposing a patients eyes to lengthened calorie-free of moderate intensity several minutes. This can be useful for determining the health of "cones," the fine detail and color perceiving cells in the retina.
• Protanomaly, protanomalous
  • Partial color deficiency affecting the ability to come across the colour crimson. There are three possible color vision deficits: red (protan), green (deutan), and blueish (tritan). The suffixes –omaly and –opia indicate partial and complete color vision deficits, respectively. Therefore, a person who has tritanomaly will have a partial blue colour vision deficit while a person who has deuteranopia will take a complete greenish color deficit.
• Relative afferent pupillary defect (RAPD
  • An indication of damage to the visual system which is greater on ane side than the other. The presence of a relative afferent pupillary defect (RAPD) ways that the pupils constrict less when a light is directed into the affected center than they do when the aforementioned light is directed into the normal (or less affected) eye . The presence of an RAPD commonly indicates harm to the retina or optic nerve that results in diminished lite impulses being transmitted from the eye to the brain on the affected side.
• Retinal ganglion cells
  • These cells transmit the information from the other layers of the retina to the brain. The axons of these cells brand upwardly the optic nervus. Retinal ganglion cells comprise the most superficial cell layer in retina and are susceptible to impairment in a number of disease entities, including glaucoma.
• Retinitis pigmentosa
  • A group of genetic eye conditions leading to chronic retinal degeneration, accompanied by abnormal deposits of pigment. The illness causes a progressive subtract in peripheral or side vision. Associated with nighttime blindness, loss of peripheral vision, tunnel vision, decreased acuity, lack of depth perception, retinal scarring, and photophobia.
• Scotoma
  • An area of fractional alteration in the field of vision with partially diminished or entirely degenerated visual acuity which is surrounded by a field of normal vision.
• Scotopic
  • A status of "dark adaptation" that is used in retinal testing such as the electroretinogram. Dark adaptation is achieved by placing black goggles over the patient's optics for a predetermined period of time (usually virtually xxx minutes). This tin exist useful for determining health of "rods," or the dim calorie-free-detecting cells in the retina.

SEPTO-OPTIC DYSPLASIA

• Septo-optic dysplasia
  • A clinically heterogeneous disorder loosely defined by any combination of optic nerve hypoplasia, pituitary gland hypoplasia, and midline abnormalities of the brain, including absenteeism of the corpus callosum and septum pellucidum.
• Strabismus
  • A condition in which the eyes are not properly aligned with each other resulting in an inability to focus both optics on a given indicate. Greek strabismos = squinting
• Tritanopia
  • A form of color blindness exhibiting loss of the blue receptor, inherited in an autosomal recessive fashion.
• Variable expressivity
  • The thought that individuals with a particular affliction process will not each experience the same severity of affliction. For instance, i person may have a milder form of the illness while another person with the same affliction has a more than astringent manifestation of the disease. This is in contrast to incomplete penetrance.
• Vision rehabilitation aids
  • Devices such every bit magnifiers and closed circuit television sets that can help people with sub-normal vision see more and office better in mean solar day to day activities. Too known equally Low Vision aids.
• Visual field
  • Field of vision: The entire expanse that tin can be seen when the eye is directed forward, including that which is seen with peripheral vision.
• Visual field testing
  • A visual field examination is an test that may be performed to analyze a patient's visual field. The examination may be performed by a technician direct, with the assist of a machine, or completely by an automated machine. Car based tests aid diagnostics past allowing a detailed printout of the patient's visual field. See Perimetry

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Source: https://medicine.uiowa.edu/eye/patient-care/glossary-eye-terms

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